Shona

Manyorerwo emhenenguro

Mhenenguro ine zvipande zvitatu zvakakosha zvinotevera:

Nhanganyaya
Zvidavado
Basa rezvidavado

Unogona kubvunzwawo content [haina chekuita nezvidavado]

Mibvunzo yemhenenguro inopindurwa nenzira mbiri dzinotevera:

Triangle approach
Iyi i approach inoshandiswa pakupindura mibvunzo yakaita seiyi:Nzira/mutauro nemaitiro/mitoo yakashandiswa nevatambi inopindirana/ inoenderana zvakadii nenyaya yavari kutaurirana nezvayo?
Kana: Nzira/zvidavado/mitoo yakashandiswa nanyanduri inopindirana zvakadii nezviri mudetembo iri?

Apa panoda kuti munyori asimbirire pazvipande zvitatu zvataurwa pamusoro zvinoti: Nhanganyaya, Zvidavado uye basa rezvidavado.

Mhando dzezvidavado zvemhenenguro

1.Zvemutauro

Nyaudzosingwi eg “ngondo ngondo”
Mutauro wekudimikira eg “Ko, nhai vamwoyo ndipeiwozve shiri”
Mutauro wekushora eg “rukomana”
Mutauro wekuvhundusira/ wekutyisidzira eg “Nhasi ndinokuuraya Gorosviba”
Mutauro wekuremekedza/ wekukudza eg “VaChimuka handingaroorwi nemi”
Mutauro wekusaremekedza/ wekusakudza eg “Iwe Magodo”
Mutauro wekurumbidza eg “Vamoyo vashe”
Mutauro wekuteterera eg “Handichazviiti, chindiregererai, daddy
Nyaudzosingwi eg “ngondo ngondo”
Mutauro wekudimikira eg “Ko, nhai vamwoyo ndipeiwozve shiri”
Mutauro wekushora eg “rukomana”
Mutauro wekuvhundusira/ wekutyisidzira eg “Nhasi ndinokuuraya Gorosviba”
Mutauro wekuremekedza/ wekukudza eg “VaChimuka handingaroorwi nemi”
Mutauro wekusaremekedza/ wekusakudza eg “Iwe Magodo”
Mutauro wekurumbidza eg “Vamoyo vashe”
Mutauro wekuteterera eg “Handichazviiti, chindiregererai, daddy

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Manyorerwo ezvidavado zvemutauro

Tanga nemuiti ane chidavado chacho [agent] tevere zita rechidavado chakashandiswa nemuiti [device] pouya muenzaniso wechidavado chadomwa [example]
tapa kana kupinda mukati zvishoma pakunyora muenzaniso wacho wotevera tsananguro yebasa rechidavado [function] kwete zvinoreva chidavado.
Wotevera manzwire [tone], wozodzokera kunhanganyaya [intro]. Nepapfupi munyori ngaashandise: Agent; Device; Example; Function; Tone; Introduction
Ongororo yezvipande zvina zvinoti agent, device, example nefunction
- - Agent
    - Zita remutambi ngarinyorwe sezvariri muchinyorwa, kana chiperengo chikakanganiswa munyo- ri atopa mukwenyi webasa mutambi asiri iye nokudaro haawani chibodzwa eg Sarah instead of Sara.
    - Kana mubvunzo uchida zvidavado zvemunyori ukatanga nezita remutambi unoruza zvibodzwa zvakawanda chose–unoti Munyori akashandisa … sepanonzi nemutambi nhingi….
    - Mhenenguro yedetembo agent ndinyanduri/ mudetembi kwete munyori izvo zvinoruzisa zvibodzwa zvakawanda chose.
    - Mubvunzo ukauya uchiti mutauri agent mutauri eg Mutauri akashandisa nzira dzipi, uye dzakakodzera here, kubudisa zviri kumushungurudza?
- Device
  - Doma chidavado semazivikanirwo acho chaiwo.
  - Zvidavado zvemutauro hazvitangi naKu eg Kudimikira, Kushora, Kufananidza etc .
  - Chi davado hachitenderwi kudzokororwa asi zvinotenderwa kunyurura zvidavado zvizhinji pachirevo chimwe chete eg“Chipo! Chipo! Chipo mwanangu!” Chirevo ichi chine zvidavado zvisere zvinotevera:
    - Hokamuteereri “Chipo!”
    - Nhevedzano yehokamuteereri “Chipo! Chipo mwanangu!”
    - Dzokororo yehokamuteereri “Chipo! Chipo!”
    - Chikuwo “Chipo!”
    - Dzokororo yechikuwo “Chipo! Chipo!”
    - Nhevedzano yezvikuwo “Chipo! Chipo mwanangu!”
    - Dzokororo yezita “Chipo! Chipo!”
    - Nhamatidzwa “Chipo mwanangu!”

Zvidavado Zvinoda Kungwarirwa

Nhapamazwi
- hapanazve chinofanira kutorwa munhapamazwi eg Nezuro wakanditi,‘Imbwa! Stupid!’. Munhapamazwi iyi hauchabvumirwi kutora enzaniso, chikuwo kana mutauro wechirungu nokuti hazvina kushandiswa na agent wedu ari muchinyorwa kunze kwenhapamazwi chete. Izvi zvinoshanda zvakare pachidavado cherwiyo.
Nhevedzano
- Inovhiringidzwa nedzokororo. Nhevedzano kuteverana kwezvidavado zvemhando imwe chete asi pasina fanano eg “Iwe Majika! Ndokuuraya!” Iyi inhevedzano kwete dzokororo yezvikuwo. Dzokororo kuteverana kwezvidavado zvemhando imwe pasina kana musiyano eg “Iwe Majika! Iwe Majika!” Hazvisi nyore kuwana dzokororo yemubvunzonhando munyaya/ mudetembo nokudaro hachitambirwi sechidavado.
Mubvunzonhando
- Mubvunzo usingadi mhinduro, kwete usina kupindurwa. Unotakura chimiso ichi [?] nokudaro kana ukaunyora usina chimiso ichi hauchisiri mubvunzonha- ndo. Usati kana wangoona chibvunzo wototi wawana mubvunzonhando mumwe musi wakatopindurwa kana kuti uchitoda mhinduro naizvozvo ongorora zvakasimba kuti usa- pedzere miseve kumakunguo idzo hanga dzichaza.
Fananidzo
- ngainyorwe yakazara chiine chiri kufananidzwa chacho. Vazhinji vanotangira pane chiwedzerwa chedudzirachiito chinokumikidza fananidzo eg “ …sebenzi…” kana chiitogama eg “–nge benzi” vachisiya chiri kufananidzwa chacho, nokudaro imhosva. Fananidzo ngainyorwe yakazara eg “Jokoniya anoseka sebenzi/kunge benzi”. Vamwewo vakangoona chivakazwi sa-/ se-/ so- vototi ifananidzo zvinova zvisiri izvo eg “ Chorosi anomhanya seasvikirwa” Apa hapana fananidzo asi kuti pachirungu inonzi an as if state- ment.

Muenzaniso wemanyorerwo ezvidavado zvemutauro

e.g. Susan anoshandisa enzaniso sepaanoti, “Uri imbwa iwe Chigubhu” kujekesa kugumbukira murume wake Chigubhu uyo anoita zvechipfambi achitadza kuriritira mhuri yake.Mumuenzaniso uyu munoburitswa zvinotevera:
- Agent-Susan
- Device-Enzaniso
- Example– example [ Uriimbwa iwe Chigubhu ]
- Function–kujekesa
- Tone–kugumbukira
- Introduction–murume wake Chigubhu ari kuita zvechipfambi achitadza kuriritira mhuri

Zvidavado zvisingatenderwi

Mutauro wakavanda
Mutinhimira
Zvikamu zvikamu [esp nhetembo]
Dzokororo yemubvunzonhando
Dzokororo yevara
Demberezeze eg “ Ndinokuro…”
Ndevo yechizita

2. Zvemaitiro

Zvakanangana nezvinoitwa nevatambi, mudetembi kana vanhu vari mudetembo [actions] kunyanya munhetembo dzemhiramidzimu eg kuombera, kupururudza [mune dzemhiramidzimu], kufamba-famba, kuchema, kutsvoda. Hazvitapwi [no quotations]. Zvinodiwa pamibvunzo inoda zvidavado zvakashandiswa nevatambi/ munyori. Ukabvunzwa zvidavado zvemunyori ukasiya maitiro evatambi mubvunzo wabvunza zvidavado zvemunyori unoruza zvibodzwa. Nepapfupi zvidavado zvemaitiro zvinonyorwa nenzira mbiri idzi: (a)Agent>>>Action[represents Device] >>>Function eg VaMubayiwa vanochema kuratidza kushungurudzika kwavo nekurohwa kwemwana wavo Peter nemasoja mushure mekunge ato- rwa naCephas kuenda kuhondo. (b)Action>>>Agent>>>Function eg Kuchema kwaVaMubayiwa kunoratidza kushungurudzika kwavo nekurohwa…
Maitiro ese anoshandisa “kuratidza”
Maitiro akateverana/ akadurikidzana anoshandisa “kusimbisa”
Maitiro akapfurikidza mwero anoshandisa “kusimbisa”
Maitiro akadzokororwa anoshandisa “kusimbisa”

Basa Rezvidavado

Ngarinzvenzvere kunyaya huru iri mundima kana mudetembo, zvichireva kuti pakutsanangura basa rechidavado ita wakarerekera kunyaya huru yawabudisa munhanganyaya.
Usatsangura basa rechidavado uchishandisa mutauro wakavanda [figurative language].
Usanyore zvingango- reve zvinhu zviviri [ambiguous language]

Mienzaniso yetsananguro dzisingatambirwe

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Zvinokanganiswa nevana pakuindura mibvunzo

Kusiya chisungazwi [dash] pachinodiwa sokut;mu rov,gar, pane kuti mu–,–rov –,gar–
Kushandisa chisungazwi [dash] pachisingadiwi sokuti;–go– kugara nepakunyurura nekudoma sokuti; neshamhu–chombo. Pakadai zvakanaka kushandisa table.
Kunyora chisungazwi chiri kure nakure nechivakazwi chinokodzera kuva nechisungazwi semidzi yezviito, zvivakashure nezvimwewo.
Kushandisa ma +/- signs mumhinduro iri mutable kana kuti short question seizvi: +/- chiratidzamuitirwi + mudzi wechiito +/- zadzisandevo +/- tsigisandevo NB Kana wanyora mhinduro iri mutable, usashandisa ma+/- signs zvimwe chetewo nekunyora mhando dzendevo dzezviito kana chero danho ripi zvaro rine maumbirwo ane ma+/-signs.
Kusiya chiturabefu [comma] panenge paine zadzisandevo kana tsigisandevo mbiri kana kudarika kana zvidudzirazita zvine wirirano nechizitasimboti zviviri kana kudarika, sokuti: Nyaudzosingwi Zadzisandevo Tsigisandevo tsve bhora, pasi nemaoko.
Kudoma zvipenga [nhengo] zvechiumbwa semuenzaniso ndevo yezvizita eg imbwa tema. ukati zita + chipauro zvatoshata asi kuti doma mazita enhengo dzinoumba ndevo dzezvizita kwete kupa mazita ezvizita zvacho, zvichireva kuti ndevo yezvizita iyi ine chizitasimboti + chidudzira-zita chine wirirano nechizitasimboti. Kana ndevo yezvizita iyoyo isina chizitasimboti chinooneke- ra doma uchitaridza mupanda/ mipanda yechizitasimboti ichocho eg vatema ava ine chizitasimboti chisingaonekeri, mipanda 1a, 2, 2a,2b, nechidudzirazita chine wirirano nechizitasimboti.

Kudoma maumbirwo ezvirevo munhurikidzwa dzese ita uchidoma zita renhurikidzwa yauri kutaura nezvayo kwete kungoti Ndevobongasimboti +/- Ndevobongatsigiri pasina kutaridza nhurikidzwa yacho kuti ndeipi, ie taridza kuti nhengo idzi ndedze nhurikidzwa dzipi.

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